During the design and development of their medical device, manufacturers should consider the following elements in addressing cybersecurity:

• Identification of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities
• Assessment of the impact of threats and vulnerabilities on device functionality and end users/patients
• Assessment of the likelihood of a threat and of a vulnerability being exploited
• Determination of risk levels and suitable mitigation strategies
• Assessment of residual risk and risk acceptance criteria

Medical devices capable of connecting (wirelessly or hard-wired) to another device, to the Internet or other network, or to portable media (e.g. USB or CD) are more vulnerable to cybersecurity threats than devices that are not connected. Manufacturers should employ a risk-based approach when determining the design features and the level of cybersecurity resilience appropriate for the device. A Cybersecurity Bill of Materials (CBOM) can be a critical element in identifying assets, threats, and liabilities.

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